Hyperlipidemia is a general medical term referring to elevated levels of triglycerides and cholesterol, or both in the blood. This condition can result from various factors, including unhealthy lifestyle habits, genetics, and other causes, which will be discussed in the following article.

What is Hyperlipidemia?

Hyperlipidemia is an increase in the levels of fats in the body, whether it is low-density lipoprotein (LDL or “bad cholesterol”) or triglycerides. The most common type is elevated LDL cholesterol. Other types include elevated triglycerides or mixed hyperlipidemia, which involves a rise in both LDL cholesterol and triglycerides.

Elevated LDL cholesterol is considered the most dangerous form, as it leads to the buildup of hard cholesterol deposits (plaques) within blood vessels. This buildup can restrict blood flow, increasing the risk of stroke or heart attack. These plaques can also become inflamed or irritated, potentially leading to a clot forming around them, which may cause a stroke or heart attack depending on the blockage’s location.

Causes of Hyperlipidemia

This condition can arise due to several factors, including:

Unhealthy Habits

Certain lifestyle choices increase the risk of elevated blood fats, such as:

• Consuming foods high in saturated or trans fats.
• Smoking.
• Persistent stress.
• Lack of regular physical activity.

Medications

Certain drugs may elevate blood fat levels, such as:

• Beta-blockers.
• Diuretics.
• Oral contraceptives.
• Corticosteroids.
• Antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV.

Medical Conditions

Underlying health conditions may increase the risk of hyperlipidemia, including:

• Liver disease.
• Obesity.
• Diabetes.
• Hypothyroidism.
• Kidney disease.
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
• Lupus.
• Sleep apnea.

Genetics

A hereditary condition called familial combined hyperlipidemia may be passed down from parents or grandparents. It leads to elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels. People with this condition may be diagnosed in their 20s or 30s and exhibit symptoms of heart-related diseases, such as:

• Chest pain at a young age.
• Heart attack.
• Persistent sores on toes that do not heal easily.

Hyperlipidemia Symptoms

Hyperlipidemia typically presents no clear symptoms. High cholesterol levels are usually detected through blood tests when total cholesterol exceeds 240 mg/dL. Over time, plaque buildup (comprised of cholesterol and fats) can slow or block blood flow to the heart or brain, causing symptoms like:

• Chest pain during physical exertion.
• Jaw pain.
• Shortness of breath.

If a cholesterol plaque ruptures and forms a clot, it can completely block an artery, resulting in a heart attack. Symptoms of a heart attack include:

• Severe chest pain.
• Flushing.
• Nausea.
• Difficulty breathing.

Hyperlipidemia Treatment

Treatment focuses on adopting healthy habits and, in some cases, medication. Steps include:

• Regular exercise.
• Quitting smoking.
• Getting at least seven hours of sleep daily.
• Managing stress levels.
• Reducing intake of high-fat, salty, and sugary foods.
• Eating a heart-healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and proteins.
• Losing excess weight.

Doctors may also prescribe medications to lower cholesterol and blood fat levels, such as:

• Statins, e.g., lovastatin and atorvastatin.
• Bile acid sequestrants, e.g., cholestyramine and colesevelam.
• Cholesterol absorption inhibitors.
• Fibrates, e.g., fenofibrate.
• Omega-3 fatty acid supplements.

In conclusion, hyperlipidemia is a condition that often presents suddenly through complications of elevated blood fats and cholesterol. However, it can be prevented by adopting healthy lifestyle habits and regularly monitoring blood lipid levels, particularly in those with a family history of hyperlipidemia.

https://www.healthline.com/health/hyperlipidemia

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21656-hyperlipidemia